{
  "status": "shipping",
  "advantages": [],
  "limitations": [],
  "supersedes": [],
  "supersededBy": [],
  "firstSeen": null,
  "lastSeen": null,
  "updated": "2026-10-16",
  "slug": "adjacent-track-interference",
  "term": "Adjacent-track interference (ATI)",
  "aliases": [
    "ATI",
    "adjacent track interference"
  ],
  "definition": "Adjacent-track interference is degradation of recorded HDD data caused by writes on a neighboring track.",
  "note": "Repeated writes can accumulate disturbance; CMR is not exempt. [kowles] Do not infer a universal overwrite threshold from selected historical examples. [wd-interview] This write-disturbance meaning differs from read-channel mixing discussed as inter-track interference in the FAST paper. [li-fast17] See the source comparison for diagnostic limits. [hesela-ati]",
  "related": [
    "hdd",
    "cmr",
    "smr",
    "ati-refresh"
  ],
  "citations": [
    {
      "id": "kowles",
      "title": "Andrew Kowles (Seagate). Techniques for Shingled Disks: A View From Inside. SNIA SDC EMEA 2018, slide 6.",
      "url": "https://www.snia.org/sites/default/files/SDCEMEA/2018/Presentations/Techniques-for-Shingled-Disks-SNIA-SDC-EMEA-2018.pdf",
      "accessed": "2026-10-16"
    },
    {
      "id": "wd-interview",
      "title": "Owen Lystrup (Western Digital). How Western Digital Created OptiNAND, 31 August 2021.",
      "url": "https://blog.westerndigital.com/optinand/",
      "accessed": "2026-10-16"
    },
    {
      "id": "li-fast17",
      "title": "Yin Li, Hao Wang, Xuebin Zhang, Ning Zheng, Shafa Dahandeh and Tong Zhang. Facilitating Magnetic Recording Technology Scaling for Data Center Hard Disk Drives through Filesystem-Level Transparent Local Erasure Coding. FAST 2017, pp. 135-148; sections 2.1, 4.2 and 4.3.",
      "url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast17/fast17-li.pdf",
      "accessed": "2026-10-16"
    },
    {
      "id": "hesela-ati",
      "title": "CMR is not refresh-free: adjacent-track interference in HDDs",
      "url": "https://hesela.com/analyses/hdd-adjacent-track-interference-refresh/",
      "accessed": "2026-10-16"
    }
  ]
}