{
  "status": "research",
  "advantages": [],
  "limitations": [],
  "supersedes": [],
  "supersededBy": [],
  "firstSeen": null,
  "lastSeen": null,
  "updated": "2026-11-07",
  "slug": "dna-physical-redundancy",
  "term": "Physical redundancy (DNA storage)",
  "aliases": [
    "DNA physical coverage",
    "Molecular copy redundancy"
  ],
  "definition": "Physical redundancy in DNA storage is the mean number of molecular copies per intended sequence identity at a specified processing or storage stage.",
  "note": "The mean does not specify the copy-number distribution or establish that every identity remains present. Dilution and amplification can change both abundance and dropout. Sequencing coverage instead counts reads, while logical redundancy is introduced by the code. [gimpel2023]\n\nState whether copies were measured or modeled, the stage and sample volume, and the intended identity count, including missing identities. These choices are needed to compare physical coverage rather than a survivor-only average. [gimpel2026]",
  "related": [
    "dna-data-storage",
    "sequencing-coverage",
    "oligonucleotide-dropout",
    "erasure-coding"
  ],
  "citations": [
    {
      "id": "gimpel2023",
      "title": "Gimpel et al. A digital twin for DNA data storage based on comprehensive quantification of errors and biases. Nature Communications 14, 6026 (2023).",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10533828/",
      "accessed": "2026-11-07"
    },
    {
      "id": "gimpel2026",
      "title": "Gimpel et al. Comparison of state-of-the-art error-correction coding for sequence-based DNA data storage. Nature Communications 17, 3963 (2026).",
      "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC13133123/",
      "accessed": "2026-11-07"
    }
  ],
  "provenance": [
    "Source synthesis from the 2023 workflow study and the 2026 benchmark's dilution and qPCR methods. No new molecular experiment or replication is claimed."
  ]
}