{
  "slug": "triad",
  "term": "TRIAD",
  "aliases": [
    "TRIAD LSM store"
  ],
  "definition": "TRIAD is a research key-value store that combines hot-key retention, deferred compaction and commit-log reuse to reduce LSM maintenance writes.",
  "note": "Mechanism: TRIAD-LOG pairs an existing commit log with a sorted latest-offset index instead of rewriting its values during L0 flush. Retained hot keys still need logging. [triad-paper]\n\nAccounting: the paper's flush-normalized ratio is not total engine output divided by application input. [triad-paper] See database-write-amplification for the denominator distinction.\n\nDurability: the author README lists --disable_wal=false, while the pinned WriteOptions separately defaults sync to false. WAL presence alone does not establish synchronized acknowledgment. These source defaults do not establish the settings of every reported experiment. [triad-project] [triad-options]",
  "status": "research",
  "advantages": [],
  "limitations": [],
  "related": [
    "lsm-tree",
    "memtable",
    "write-ahead-log",
    "compaction",
    "database-write-amplification"
  ],
  "supersedes": [],
  "supersededBy": [],
  "firstSeen": null,
  "lastSeen": null,
  "citations": [
    {
      "id": "triad-paper",
      "title": "Balmau et al. TRIAD. USENIX ATC 2017, pp. 363-375; sections 4.1-4.3 and 5.1-5.3.",
      "url": "https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc17/atc17-balmau.pdf",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "triad-project",
      "title": "TRIAD author prototype, pinned README: benchmark controls and enabled WAL.",
      "url": "https://github.com/epfl-labos/TRIAD/blob/c9f9067aada1c0d605b1a91db3c86a03746aa845/README.md",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "triad-options",
      "title": "TRIAD author prototype, pinned WriteOptions: synchronization and WAL defaults.",
      "url": "https://github.com/epfl-labos/TRIAD/blob/c9f9067aada1c0d605b1a91db3c86a03746aa845/include/rocksdb/options.h#L1525",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10"
    },
    {
      "id": "hesela",
      "title": "Hesela: TRIAD log reuse and flush-normalized accounting.",
      "url": "https://hesela.com/analyses/rocksdb-wal-flush-manifest-boundaries/#triad-accounting",
      "accessed": "2026-11-10"
    }
  ],
  "updated": "2026-11-10",
  "provenance": [
    "Primary-source review of the full ATC 2017 paper and pinned author repository. No TRIAD execution, crash test or benchmark reproduction."
  ]
}