{
  "schemaVersion": 1,
  "evidenceType": "published-summary-arithmetic-reproduction",
  "source": {
    "title": "End-to-end Data Integrity for File Systems: A ZFS Case Study",
    "url": "https://www.usenix.org/events/fast10/tech/full_papers/zhang.pdf",
    "location": "Section 6.2 and Table 6, PDF page 12",
    "accessed": "2026-10-14",
    "trialsPerWorkload": 100,
    "flipsPerTrial": 16
  },
  "outcome": "At least one corrupt application read in a workload trial",
  "formula": "p1 = 1 - (1 - pk) ** (1 / k)",
  "assumption": "Independent, identically modeled fault contributions; not verified by this arithmetic.",
  "intervalNote": "Endpoints transform the rounded printed P16 95% interval. They are not newly estimated intervals and need not round to the paper's printed P1 interval.",
  "limits": [
    "No raw traces, new hardware observations or experiment replication.",
    "Historical workload-conditional probabilities, not present-day failure rates.",
    "Read, write and crash outcomes can overlap and must not be summed as exclusive categories.",
    "Sampling uncertainty does not quantify error from the independence assumption."
  ],
  "rows": [
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    },
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