Zarr
Zarr is a specification family for storing chunked multidimensional arrays as metadata and encoded objects in a key-value store.
Storage model: metadata describes array shape, data type, chunk layout and codecs; chunk keys locate stored representations. Format versions and implementation versions are separate identifiers. [1]
Sparse regions: an uninitialized chunk can be represented by absence and read as the configured fill value. Readability alone does not establish that all intended observations were written or preserved. [1]
Shards: the indexed sharding codec places multiple inner chunks in one stored object. Its index can explicitly mark an inner region empty, so stored-object presence is not a complete inner-region inventory. [2]
Archive evidence: Hesela's version-scoped experiments separate expected presence, coordinate identity, generation consistency and consumer interpretation. [3]