adjacent-track-interference · shipping · also ATI, adjacent track interference

Adjacent-track interference (ATI)

Adjacent-track interference is degradation of recorded HDD data caused by writes on a neighboring track.

Repeated writes can accumulate disturbance; CMR is not exempt. [1] Do not infer a universal overwrite threshold from selected historical examples. [2] This write-disturbance meaning differs from read-channel mixing discussed as inter-track interference in the FAST paper. [3] See the source comparison for diagnostic limits. [4]

Relations

related
hdd, cmr, smr, ati-refresh

Citations

  1. Andrew Kowles (Seagate). Techniques for Shingled Disks: A View From Inside. SNIA SDC EMEA 2018, slide 6. (accessed 2026-10-16)
  2. Owen Lystrup (Western Digital). How Western Digital Created OptiNAND, 31 August 2021. (accessed 2026-10-16)
  3. Yin Li, Hao Wang, Xuebin Zhang, Ning Zheng, Shafa Dahandeh and Tong Zhang. Facilitating Magnetic Recording Technology Scaling for Data Center Hard Disk Drives through Filesystem-Level Transparent Local Erasure Coding. FAST 2017, pp. 135-148; sections 2.1, 4.2 and 4.3. (accessed 2026-10-16)
  4. CMR is not refresh-free: adjacent-track interference in HDDs (accessed 2026-10-16)

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